In California, when handling insurance claims, it’s essential for adjusters to understand the fundamental principle of indemnity. This principle serves to ensure that the insured person is restored to the financial position they were in before the loss occurred, without allowing them to profit from the insurance claim. Adjusters must carefully evaluate the evidence presented, including damage assessments, policy provisions, and the insured’s financial interests. This process requires an unbiased and transparent approach to determine the extent of the loss and the valid claims under the policy. An adjuster’s failure to adhere to this principle can result in ethical violations and potential legal ramifications, as adjusters are bound by the California Insurance Code and must operate with the highest standards of honesty and integrity. They must also ensure that all claims are handled in a fair manner, thus fostering trust in the insurance process. Adhering to the principle of indemnity is not just about settling claims; it’s also about fulfilling the adjuster’s duty to the policyholder and the insurer while upholding the laws and ethical standards of the industry.

Effective communication is essential in the role of an adjuster, especially in the context of California regulations governing insurance practices. The ability to listen actively and respond appropriately can significantly impact the outcome of claims processing. Active listening involves not only hearing the information conveyed by a client but also understanding their concerns, emotions, and the context of their situation. This skill helps build trust and rapport, allowing adjusters to obtain necessary details while demonstrating empathy. Miscommunication can lead to misunderstandings, dissatisfaction, or even disputes, potentially resulting in regulatory scrutiny under California’s stringent consumer protection laws. As a California adjuster, it’s vital to utilize both verbal and written communication skills effectively. This includes articulating claims processes clearly, documenting interactions precisely, and providing explanations that are easily comprehensible to policyholders. The ability to synthesize verbal information into coherent written reports is also paramount, ensuring compliance with state insurance codes and maintaining professional standards.

Remote adjusting has become a crucial element in the insurance adjustment process, particularly in California where technology integration enhances efficiency and reduces physical interaction, especially in the wake of events like natural disasters. An adjuster’s ability to effectively utilize technology for virtual inspections and remote assessments is paramount for maintaining the quality of service and accuracy in claim handling. Remote inspections rely heavily on tools such as video conferencing, drones, and mobile applications to collect data, conduct interviews, and assess damages without being physically present at the site. In California, adjusters are expected to adhere to regulations that govern the ethical use of technology, ensuring that their methods are not only effective but also compliant with the guidelines set by the California Department of Insurance. This means understanding how to document findings accurately, ensuring the confidentiality of the insured’s information, and maintaining clear communication throughout the process. Misuse of technology can lead to complications including potential privacy violations or miscommunication, which could ultimately harm the adjuster’s credibility and the insurer’s reputation.

Interpersonal skills are crucial for adjusters working in California, especially when dealing with clients who may be distressed after a loss. Strong interpersonal skills help adjusters to communicate clearly, build rapport, and demonstrate empathy. When facing a challenging claim situation, an adjuster must not only gather facts but also understand the emotional landscape of the client. Active listening is a component of effective interpersonal communication that involves paying full attention to the speaker, understanding their message, responding thoughtfully, and remembering important details. This is particularly relevant in California, where the diverse population brings varied expectations and cultural norms into the claims process. An adjuster with adept interpersonal skills can help minimize conflict, foster trust, and facilitate a smoother negotiation process. Additionally, it is essential to adhere to the California Department of Insurance guidelines, which stress the importance of ethical behavior and effective communication with clients. Ultimately, the ability to navigate these interpersonal dynamics can lead to more successful claim resolutions and higher satisfaction for all parties involved.

Building rapport with clients and stakeholders is crucial in the practice of insurance adjusting, particularly within California’s regulatory environment. A key aspect of establishing trust is active listening, which involves fully concentrating on what the client is saying, acknowledging their feelings, and responding thoughtfully. By practicing active listening, an adjuster demonstrates empathy, which can greatly enhance the client’s perception of trustworthiness and reliability. Additionally, transparency in communications can foster a sense of safety for clients, as they feel informed about the claims process. It is also beneficial to personalize interactions, which can include remembering details about a client’s situation or previous conversations, thus showing that the adjuster values them as individuals rather than just as case numbers. Furthermore, being respectful and maintaining professionalism throughout all communications helps convey a commitment to integrity. These techniques not only establish a solid foundation of trust but also contribute to a more effective claims process, as clients are more likely to cooperate and provide necessary information when they feel understood and respected.

In the context of cybersecurity for adjusters in California, it is crucial to understand the legal framework and best practices for protecting sensitive information. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) mandates specific responsibilities for businesses regarding the collection, use, and protection of personal data. This includes implementing reasonable security measures to prevent data breaches, which can lead to significant legal and financial repercussions for both individuals and companies. An adjuster should ensure that sensitive client information, such as personal identification and financial details, is stored securely and accessed only by authorized personnel. Upon identifying a potential data breach, the adjuster must act swiftly to mitigate damage, which involves notifying affected parties and relevant authorities promptly to comply with state regulations, thus reducing the risk of penalties. Understanding these responsibilities is vital in a profession that deals heavily with personal data, as failing to protect this information can not only harm clients but also jeopardize the adjuster’s license and career.

Fraud detection and prevention are critical responsibilities of an adjuster, especially within the regulatory frameworks governing the insurance industry in California. Adjusters are trained to recognize indicators of fraudulent behavior, which can include inconsistencies in the details of a claim, suspicious patterns of loss, or sudden changes in a claimant’s circumstances. The California Insurance Code mandates that adjusters exercise due diligence by conducting thorough investigations and documentation of claims, as well as reporting any indications of fraud to the appropriate authorities, such as the California Department of Insurance. This practice not only helps in maintaining the integrity of the insurance system but also protects honest policyholders from the financial repercussions that arise from fraudulent claims. Understanding the implications of fraud and the legal obligations regarding reporting and investigation ensures that adjusters are not only compliant with regulations but are also equipped to contribute positively to the claims process. Effective training in fraud detection can involve analyzing case studies where fraud was successfully identified and handled, which subsequently minimizes risk exposure for the insurance company.

Fraud detection and prevention are critical aspects of the insurance industry, especially for adjusters in California, who must navigate complex regulations and ethical standards. Adjusters are tasked with identifying potential fraudulent claims while ensuring fair treatment of policyholders. One essential method of preventing fraud is to maintain effective communication and training within the organization regarding the recognition of warning signs indicative of fraud. Common indicators may include inconsistencies in the claimant’s story, a history of frequent claims, or claims submitted shortly after policy activation. Moreover, regulatory frameworks such as the California Insurance Code emphasize the need for insurers to establish anti-fraud initiatives, including referral protocols for suspicious claims to specialized fraud units. Adjusters must also be aware of the legal implications of fraud, including civil and possible criminal penalties for fraudulent claims. By fostering a culture of vigilance and adhering to ethical guidelines, adjusters can effectively contribute to reducing fraudulent activities while fulfilling their responsibilities to both the insurer and the insured.

In the realm of workers’ compensation within California, understanding the claims process is pivotal for adjusters. When an employee is injured at work, they are typically required to report the injury to their employer promptly, after which the employer must file a claim with their insurance provider. At this stage, a key aspect to consider is the medical evaluation process, which serves as a critical factor in determining the validity and scope of the claim. The adjuster works closely with medical professionals to accurately assess the nature and extent of the injury, and this evaluation can significantly influence the compensation awarded. Additionally, the return-to-work program plays an essential role in the claims process as it helps injured employees reintegrate into the workforce. Adjusters must ensure that employers are compliant with California’s regulations concerning light-duty assignments and accommodations, which can be a key factor in reducing long-term compensation costs. Hence, knowledge of both the legal framework and the processes involved in facilitating recovery and return to work is vital for effective claims management.

In California, endorsements and extensions are crucial components of insurance policies that provide additional coverage options beyond the standard policy limits. An endorsement modifies an existing insurance policy to add, delete, or alter coverage. For instance, in a homeowner’s policy, an endorsement could provide coverage for specific high-value items such as jewelry or art that would not be covered under the general policy limits. Extensions, on the other hand, refer to the additional time or additional circumstances under which a policy might provide coverage without needing a policy modification. Understanding when and how to apply these extensions is vital for adjusters as they handle claims. Moreover, adjusters must ensure that the insured is fully informed about the potential implications of endorsements and extensions, including any limitations on coverage, exclusions that may apply, or changes in premium costs. This knowledge is essential to effectively advocate for the insured’s interests and ensure compliance with California’s regulatory requirements surrounding consumer protection and transparency in the insurance market.

In the context of specialized adjusting areas, understanding the nuances of property damage vs. liability claims is crucial for adjusters. Property damage claims typically involve tangible losses to physical assets, while liability claims address the responsibility for harm caused to another party. An adjuster must evaluate the circumstances thoroughly to determine the type of claim. For instance, if a client reports damage to their home due to a neighbor’s actions, the adjuster must ascertain whether the damage falls under property coverage or if it implicates liability issues. This distinction affects the strategy in managing claims, as property claims often require assessments of repair costs and replacement values, whereas liability claims might involve understanding legal responsibilities and potential compensatory damages. Furthermore, state-specific regulations in California mandate adherence to fair practices and ethical standards, which guide adjusters in conducting investigations and settlements. Therefore, an adjuster must not only be knowledgeable about the types of claims but also be equipped to handle them within the bounds of regulatory guidelines and ethical expectations.

Effective post-settlement communication is crucial for an adjuster to maintain positive relationships and ensure that clients feel supported even after their claims have been resolved. It involves not only reaching out to clients to confirm that they are satisfied with the settlement but also educating them about what to expect in the future. This communication helps to manage expectations and allows the adjuster to gather valuable feedback, which can be used to improve services and procedures. Following up promptly can prevent misunderstandings and ensure that any outstanding issues are addressed quickly. Furthermore, thorough documentation of these communications is essential, both for accountability and for regulatory compliance. Adjusters in California must be aware of the ethical and legal implications of their communication, ensuring they act in the best interest of the client while adhering to state regulations. Understanding these dynamics is fundamental for any adjuster aiming to provide high-quality service and uphold a strong professional reputation.

In the realm of property damage assessment, adjusters must have a nuanced understanding of how different factors influence the determination of damages. A critical aspect of this process involves distinguishing between items covered by an insurance policy and those that may be excluded or subject to limitations. For example, if a fire damages a homeowner’s building and personal property, the adjuster’s analysis would need to consider the specific terms of the homeowner’s insurance policy to assess coverage. Additionally, the adjuster should evaluate the cause of loss—whether it results from a peril explicitly covered in the policy. Adjusters must also identify any potential endorsements or riders that may alter coverage. In California, where regulations are stringent, an adjuster must adhere to the California Insurance Code which outlines these stipulations. Understanding the interplay between the insurance policy’s terms and conditions, the nature of the damage, and the applicable state regulations is crucial for accurate damage assessment and ensuring the fair treatment of all parties involved.

In the context of the California Adjuster License Exam, staying informed through industry publications is crucial for adjusters to effectively navigate the complexities of insurance claims. This involves regularly engaging with reputable journals, articles, and reports that cover the latest trends, legal regulations, and technological advancements within the insurance field. By doing so, adjusters can enhance their understanding of evolving industry standards and best practices, which directly impacts their ability to make informed decisions during claims handling. Additionally, being well-versed in current events and legislative changes ensures that adjusters adhere to the California Insurance Code and uphold ethical standards, mitigating the risk of non-compliance. Adjusters must also recognize how these publications can influence their professional development; many provide insights into ongoing education opportunities, networking, and certification programs that are essential for career advancement. Therefore, actively utilizing industry publications is not merely an optional exercise but a vital component of an adjuster’s ongoing education and professional responsibility in California.

The role of adjusters in the insurance industry is multifaceted and critical for ensuring fair outcomes for both insurers and policyholders. Adjusters are responsible for evaluating claims, determining the extent of the insurer’s liability, and facilitating settlements. Their work is governed by laws and regulations specific to each state, including California. One key aspect of their role involves conducting thorough investigations, which may include interviewing witnesses, consulting experts, and reviewing documentation related to the claim. Adjusters must also maintain objectivity and impartiality to uphold the ethical standards outlined in California law, including the California Insurance Code. This code emphasizes the need for adjusters to act in good faith and avoid conflicts of interest. Moreover, adjusters should be aware of the various types of claims, such as property, liability, and workers’ compensation, and understand how state-specific laws and regulations affect the handling of these claims. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of their role enables adjusters to effectively balance the interests of policyholders and insurers, contributing to the integrity of the insurance industry.

In California, the role of an insurance adjuster is critical to the claims process, as they serve as the main point of contact between the insured and the insurer. An adjuster is responsible for evaluating claims, inspecting property damage, interviewing witnesses, and determining the extent of the insurance company’s liability. This is achieved through gathering evidence, assessing damages, and applying relevant policy language. Adjusters must exhibit a strong understanding of insurance policies, applicable laws, and regulations governing insurance practices in California, such as the California Insurance Code, which governs ethical conduct and mandates transparency in the claims-handling process. Importantly, adjusters in California are required to act in good faith and with fair dealing, ensuring that all parties involved in the claim are treated equitably. Moreover, they must maintain impartiality, avoiding conflicts of interest which could compromise the claims process. Understanding these facets of an adjuster’s role underscores the importance of ethical behavior and adherence to legal frameworks designed to protect both consumers and the insurance industry.

Understanding the differences between state and federal regulations concerning insurance is crucial for an adjuster in California. Federal regulations, such as those set forth by the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), provide a broad framework but do not dictate specific licensing requirements for adjusters. Instead, these requirements are primarily governed by state law, reflecting the unique needs and conditions of each state. In California, for instance, the California Department of Insurance establishes specific licensing mandates, which include pre-licensing education, examination, and continuing education requirements for adjusters. These regulations ensure that adjusters are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively handle claims while adhering to ethical standards. Furthermore, state regulations can impose additional obligations, such as background checks and moral character assessments, which are not typical at the federal level. Therefore, understanding the interplay between state and federal laws is essential for compliance and to ensure the highest standards of professional conduct in the field.

In California, liability claims are governed by principles of negligence, which require a thorough understanding of how to determine fault and responsibility for damages. A key aspect of handling liability claims is understanding the concept of proximate cause, which refers to the primary cause of an injury. It is vital for adjusters to analyze whether the actions of the alleged negligent party directly led to the damages suffered by the claimant. Additionally, California follows a comparative negligence rule, which means that if a claimant is found to be partially at fault for their own injuries, their compensation can be reduced by their percentage of fault. This requires adjusters to accurately assess the facts surrounding a claim and to gather evidence supporting the determination of liability. Moreover, adjusters must comply with the California Department of Insurance regulations, which mandates fair treatment of all parties involved in the claims process, prohibiting deceptive practices and requiring clear documentation. Understanding the nuances of liability claims, including the interplay between negligence, damages, and the effects of comparative fault, is crucial for effectively resolving these claims in California.

In the context of claims investigation, especially for a California Adjuster, it is crucial to gather information through effective interviews, site inspections, and evidence collection. Interviews should be structured to allow claimants and witnesses to provide detailed accounts of the incident. Utilizing open-ended questions encourages elaboration and can yield valuable information that may not surface with yes-or-no questions. Site inspections are equally important as they provide the adjuster with direct evidence of damage or loss, enabling a more accurate assessment of the claim. Physical evidence collected during these inspections, such as photographs, documents, and other records, allows for a more comprehensive review of the incident. California law mandates that adjusters conduct thorough investigations to uphold their fiduciary duty to both the insurer and the insured. Failure to adhere to proper investigation techniques can result in claims of bad faith, reinforcing the necessity of meticulous documentation and assessment, which can mitigate disputes and enhance the integrity of the claims process.

Understanding the distinctions between various types of liability claims is crucial for adjusters working in California. Personal injury claims typically arise when an individual suffers harm due to another’s negligence or wrongful act, resulting in physical or emotional damage. Premises liability extends to situations where a person is injured on someone else’s property due to unsafe conditions, and the property owner fails to maintain a reasonable standard of safety. In contrast, product liability concerns defective or unsafe products that cause harm to consumers. Each type of claim requires a nuanced understanding of legal principles, as well as the appropriate application of liability standards. For instance, in personal injury cases, the focus is on proving negligence, while in premises liability, the condition of the property and the reasonable actions of the owner are pivotal. Conversely, product liability can involve strict liability, where the injured party needs only to show that the product was defective without proving negligence. Therefore, properly assessing the type of claim and its specific legal context is essential for an effective adjustment process.

Standard exclusions in insurance policies are critical for adjusters to understand, particularly in California, where regulations emphasize the need for clarity and transparency in coverage. One of the most common exclusions is for intentional acts, which essentially means that any damage or loss resulting from deliberate actions taken by the insured will not be covered. This protects insurers from having to compensate for losses that the policyholder effectively caused themselves. Furthermore, exclusions often exist for specific types of damage, such as wear and tear, which are considered a normal part of owning a property or asset rather than an insurable event. Adjusters must be adept at identifying and explaining these exclusions to clients to manage expectations and prevent potential disputes. For instance, if a client experiences flooding in a region not covered under their policy, it is imperative for the adjuster to articulate the disappointment clearly and provide insight into the rationale behind the exclusion. Additionally, understanding these exclusions helps adjusters in evaluating claims efficiently and ensuring adherence to state regulations regarding fair practices and consumer education about coverage limitations.

Cost-benefit analysis is a fundamental concept in the evaluation of claims decisions, particularly for an adjuster in California. When faced with a claim, an adjuster must assess not only the validity of the claim but also the financial implications of approving or denying that claim. This involves a thorough examination of the costs associated with the claim, such as settlements, legal fees, and potential future liabilities, against the benefits, which might include timely closure of the claim, customer satisfaction, and avoidance of litigation. It is crucial for the adjuster to understand that the decision-making process should be grounded in a clear understanding of the potential outcomes from the financial perspective. Additionally, California law mandates that adjusters act in good faith and with a fair standard of conduct, highlighting the importance of ethical considerations in the cost-benefit analysis. Failing to accurately execute this analysis can lead to inappropriate claims handling and potential legal repercussions, as adjusted decisions must align with both ethical standards and regulatory requirements. Thus, a properly conducted cost-benefit analysis balances financial efficiency with ethical responsibility, ensuring that the adjuster’s actions are both justified and compliant with California regulations.

Understanding market trends and industry changes is vital for an adjuster in California, particularly due to the state’s unique regulatory and environmental landscape. Observing and analyzing market trends can provide adjusters with insights into emerging risks, the evolving nature of claims, and shifts in policyholder expectations. For instance, California’s increasing vulnerability to natural disasters like wildfires and earthquakes affects property values and insurance premiums. Adjusters need to remain aware of these changes to effectively evaluate claims and provide appropriate advice to clients regarding coverage. This includes staying informed on new legislation or industry practices that may influence claims handling. A proactive approach to understanding market changes can also facilitate better communication with clients, as adjusters can offer tailored solutions based on current trends. By integrating knowledge of these factors into their claims processes, adjusters can enhance their professionalism and uphold the ethical standards mandated by California regulations.

Understanding common exclusions in insurance policies is crucial for adjusters in California, as these exclusions can significantly affect claim outcomes. Standard exclusions often include losses from acts of war, intentional acts, and wear and tear. For instance, if a homeowner experiences flooding due to a natural disaster, their standard homeowners insurance may not cover the damage if the policy specifically excludes flood-related losses. Additionally, many policies may not cover certain types of maintenance issues, such as those related to aging, as these are considered part of standard property upkeep. Familiarity with these exclusions helps adjusters navigate claims more effectively and set appropriate expectations for policyholders. Adjusters must also communicate these exclusions clearly to clients. Not only does this understanding aid in determining claims eligibility, but it also ensures compliance with California’s insurance regulations, which require that policyholders be informed about the extent of their coverage and any limitations that may apply.

When assessing property damage, insurance adjusters must evaluate the damage comprehensively and objectively, adhering to California’s legal standards and ethical guidelines. The adjuster must analyze several elements, such as the cost of repairs, the extent of the damage, and the impact on the property’s value. It is critical to apply the principle of indemnity, which ensures that the insured party is restored to their pre-loss condition without profit. This principle informs the adjuster’s decisions on coverage and compensation and mandates a fair analysis based on reasonable and necessary expenses. Moreover, adjusters must remain unbiased, gathering evidence from various sources including photographs, repair estimates, and witness statements. Understanding different types of coverage—such as dwelling, personal property, and liability coverage—also plays a vital role in the assessment process. Adjusters in California must adhere to the California Insurance Code, particularly sections that pertain to fair claims practices. This ensures that they provide transparent evaluations, which is essential for maintaining public trust and professional integrity.

Documentation and reporting play a crucial role in the claims adjustment process. Accurate and thorough claim files are essential for providing a complete representation of the incident and the subsequent actions taken. In California, adjusters must maintain detailed loss reports that reflect the circumstances of the loss, the parties involved, and any relevant factual details. Photographs serve as valuable evidence and can clarify the condition of the property at the time of the loss. Witness statements add another layer of verification, helping to substantiate claims and resolve any discrepancies. The California Department of Insurance emphasizes the importance of maintaining integrity and transparency in documentation, as incomplete or misleading reports can lead to regulatory scrutiny and liability issues. Adjusters must ensure that all documentation adheres to state laws, which may include specific requirements for how claims must be recorded and reported. The integrity of the documentation not only supports the claims process but also helps to prevent potential fraud and ensures that all parties have an accurate record of the claims activity.

Understanding the impact of policy limits on claim settlements is crucial for adjusters in California. Policy limits can significantly influence negotiations, as they dictate the maximum amount an insurer is obligated to pay for a covered claim. When assessing a claim, an adjuster must first determine whether the claim is valid under the policy terms and if it is within the limits prescribed therein. If a claim exceeds these limits, the policyholder may have to absorb the excess costs, potentially leading to dissatisfaction and disputes. Conversely, knowing the limits enables the adjuster to negotiate effectively with the claimant’s representatives, ensuring that settlements remain fair and within the policy confines. For instance, an understanding of limits also allows the adjuster to advise the insured regarding potential financial impacts should claims escalate beyond those limits, which could affect overall satisfaction and trust in the insurer. Thus, a deep understanding of how limits can restrict or facilitate claim settlements is essential for fair negotiations and maintaining professional conduct, aligning with California’s regulatory standards.

In the context of insurance claims adjusting, the importance of proper documentation cannot be overstated. Accurate claim files, loss reports, photographs, and witness statements are integral to the claims process, as they provide the necessary evidence and details that guide the decision-making process. Under California insurance laws, adjusters are required to maintain clear, detailed, and organized records that reflect all aspects of the claim. This not only supports the integrity of the claims process but also protects the adjuster and the insurance company from potential disputes or legal issues. For instance, loss reports should outline the details of the incident, including the date, time, and nature of the loss. Photographs should serve as visual documentation of the damage, capturing the extent and specifics of the situation. Additionally, witness statements add another layer of credibility and context to the claim. The failure to provide thorough documentation can lead to delays in claim processing, potential denials, and could jeopardize the legal standing of the claim. Thus, the ability to effectively gather, organize, and present documentation is a critical skill for adjusters in California.

In the context of claims settlement strategies, an adjuster must understand the importance of negotiating effectively and tailoring the approach to the specific situation. When faced with a claim, the adjuster should first identify the interests and objectives of all parties involved, which includes the policyholder, the insurer, and any other stakeholders. An effective strategy often involves open communication, active listening, and establishing a rapport with the claimant to facilitate a smoother negotiation process. Additionally, the adjuster must be skilled in assessing the value of the claim based on factual evidence and policy provisions. This strategic assessment allows the adjuster to present a well-founded case during negotiations, making it less likely for disputes to escalate. Rather than solely focusing on the settlement dollar amount, the adjuster should consider the emotional and personal aspects of the claim, which can also influence the decision-making of the parties involved. Ultimately, successful claims settlement is not merely about arriving at a figure that satisfies the insurer’s bottom line, but about achieving a resolution that addresses the needs and concerns of all parties while adhering to ethical guidelines and regulations specific to California.

In the context of insurance, especially for the California Adjuster License Exam, understanding policy language is crucial for both adjusters and policyholders. Policy language, including terms, conditions, exclusions, and endorsements, plays a significant role in establishing the scope of coverage provided by an insurance policy. Adjusters must be adept at interpreting these components to provide accurate assessments and ensure compliance with California law. For example, an endorsement modifies the original policy, which may either expand or limit coverage. Understanding how these terms work together can make a significant impact on the outcome of a claim. A comprehensive grasp of policy language helps adjusters explain coverage to clients clearly, thereby enhancing transparent communication and preventing misunderstandings. Furthermore, adjusters in California should be aware of specific regulations, such as the requirement to act in good faith and fair dealing. Misinterpretation or a lack of understanding regarding policy language can lead to disputes and complications, emphasizing the importance of clarity and comprehension in the insurance adjustment process.